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September, 1915 Number 129 


THE UNIVERSITY OF 
NORTH CAROLINA 
RECORD 



Extension Series No. 12 


The Teaching of County 
Geography 

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 
Entered as Second-Class Matter at the Postoffice at 
CHAPEU HlUIy, N. C. 








»♦> *> ♦> ♦> ♦> ♦> ♦> *j* * *> ♦> *t* ♦> ♦> ❖ *> ♦> ♦> *> *> ♦> * *> ❖ *i+ <* ♦> ♦> *> *> *** *** * & & *** ** 


The University of North Carolina 


I 


Maximum Service to the People of the State 

A. THE COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS. 

B. THE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE. 

(1) Chemical Engineering. 

(2) Electrical Engineering. 

(3) Civil and Road Engineering. 

(4) Soil Investigation. 

C. THE GRADUATE SCHOOL. 

D. THE SCHOOL OF LAW. 

E. THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. 

F. THE SCHOOL OF PHARMACY. 

G. THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION. 

H. THE SUMMER SCHOOL. 

I. THE BUREAU OF EXTENSION. 

(1) General Information. 

(2) Instruction by Lectures. 

(3) Correspondence Courses. 

(4) Debate and Declamation. 

(5) County Economic and Social Surveys. 

(6) Municipal and Legislative Reference. 

(7) Educational Information and Assist¬ 

ance. 




❖ 


WRITE TO THE UNIVERSITY WHEN YOU 
, NEED HELP 


For information regarding the University, address 
THOMAS J. WILSON, Jr., Registrar. 


*J 4 ♦$♦ ♦$♦ ♦$* ♦$♦ 


♦14 4T4 >14 4l4 ♦> ♦> « 


❖ 
* 

t 

A 

*1* *i* * ♦> ♦> ♦> ♦> «£« ♦> ♦;« ♦;« ♦$» * 





THE UNIVERSITY OF 
NORTH CAROLINA 
RECORD 



Faculty Committee on Extension 


Louis R. Wilson N. W. Walker M. H. Stacy C. L. Raper 
H. W. Chase M. C. S. Noble Collier Cobb E. C. Branson 
L. A. Williams E. R. Rankin 


The See man Printery 
Durham. N. C. 






The Bureau of Extension of the University 
of North Carolina 


The University of North Carolina through its Bureau of Extension 
offers to the people of the State: 

I. General Information: 

Concerning books, readings, essays, study outlines, and subjects 
of general interest. Literature will be loaned from the Li¬ 
brary upon the payment of transportation charges each 
way. 

II. Instruction by Lectures: 

Lectures of a popular or technical nature and addresses for com¬ 
mencement or other special occasions will be furnished any 
community which will pay the traveling expenses of the 
lecturer. 

III. Correspondence Courses : 

For teachers in Arithmetic, Civics, Economics, Drawing, Edu¬ 
cation, Engineering, English, European History, Geology, 
German, Greek, Latin, North Carolina History, Rural Eco¬ 
nomics, Rural Education; Solid Geometry, and United 
States History. 

IV. Guidance in Debate and Declamation : 

Through the High School Debating Union, special bulletins and 
handbooks, and material loaned from the Library. 

V. County Economic and Social Surveys : 

For use by counties in their effort to improve their economic 
and social condition. 

VI. Municipal and Legislative Reference Aids : 

For use in studying and drafting municipal and State legisla¬ 
tion. 

VII. Educational Information and Assistance: 

For teachers, principals, superintendents, school committees 
and boards. The School of Education acts as a clearing 
house for information concerning all phases of educational 
work and conducts a teacher’s bureau as an aid to com¬ 
munities and schools in securing efficient teachers. 

For full information, address 


The Bureau of Extension, 

Chapel Hill. N. C. 


D. of D. 

FEB 20 191 1 




The Teaching of County Geography 

The teaching of geography should begin at home where 
things are seen and known and then go on out to the great 
world far away where things are beyond the pupils’ sight and 
knowledge. 

When children are able to read fairly well in a third reader, 
they may begin to study the geography of their own county. 

Every child should know where his county is with reference 
to the state as a whole, and to the counties which bound it. 
He should know something of the nature of its soil, its mineral 
wealth, its forest value, its drainage, and its water-power. He 
should know when it was settled and who settled it, the deeds 
of its great men in peace and war, the occupations of its citi¬ 
zens, and the possibility of its further growth and development. 

Naturally, geography and history should be studied together 
and therefore a few brief statements about some 1 of the promi¬ 
nent men of the past, and some of the more important historic 
events in Orange are given with the hope of contributing to 
the interest in local history which has been steadily increasing 
in the state for many years. 

1 It is impossible to mention all of our prominent men in a bulletin as small 
as this. 
















4 


The Teaching of County Geogeaphy 


Since county lines are constantly changing in our state, it 
is illogical and impossible to teach “county history” in North 
Carolina. Teachers have all along realized that our history 
should be taught by sections and topics and not by the ever- 
changing county unit. 

Beginning with 1901, the State Department of Public In¬ 
struction has published annually and distributed to the public 
schools for use on North Carolina Day, brief and attractive 
studies in the history of our state by sections as,—The Albe¬ 
marle Section, The Pamlico Section, The Upper Cape Fear 
Section, The Scotch-Irish Settlements in North Carolina, etc. 

Another attractive and impressive method that has been 
used with fine effect for very many years, has been the acting 
of great events in North Carolina history by the young people 
in our schools and higher institutions of education. Still 
another popular method at county commencements and edu¬ 
cational rallies, is the old yet always entertaining reproduction 
of historic events by means of tableaux and pageants. For 
the past several years the University Summer School for 
Teachers has given some splendid public exhibitions of this 
method of teaching history. 

The School of Education at the University is making a col- 
'lection of such exercises and will be pleased to furnish copies 
of the same or refer applicants to the authors. 

THE PURPOSE OF THIS BULLETIN 

The purpose of this bulletin is to give methods and sugges- - 
tions to those teachers who wish to teach to their pupils the 
geography of their county. 

First an outline of topics is presented, and then follows 
a brief presentation of the geography of Orange county based 
on this outline for the use of teachers in this county. 

A careful reading of the outline and the presentation of 
Orange county geography will suggest to teachers in other 
counties how they may follow the same outline in teaching 
the geography of their own county. It will be readily seen 



University of North Carolina 


5 


that it is impossible to follow the outline in every detail in 
teaching any one county. 

HOW TO BEGIN 

Hang the map of North Carolina in front of the class. 
Call attention to the location of your county with reference 
to its situation in the state, that is, whether it is in the eastern, 
middle, or western section, or better, whether it is in the 
Coastal Plain, Piedmont, or Mountain section. 

When this has been done, lead the children to formulate 
the fact as, “Orange county is situated in the etc.” (See page 
11). Next let a pupil go to the map, point to the counties 
bounding it and say “Orange county is bounded on the north 
by etc.” These two statements may now be written in the 
blank books. In this way each of the topics may be carefully 
studied and written in the blank books. Great care should be 
taken to have the work done neatly, and to that end, it is best 
to have the sentences written on paper first for the teacher's 
corrections and suggestions. 

A COUNTY MAP 

Soon a county map will be needed. If your county has no 
published map there may be one at the court house which you 
should copy some Saturday when your Teachers Association 
meets. If there is no map at all, the County Commissioners and 
the County Board of Education will unite in getting one as 
soon as it is known that every teacher in the county not only 
needs one but wants one and that the children are becoming 
interested in the study of their county. 

In preparing this bulletin I have had the help of Dr. W. 
C. Coker, professor of botany in the University, who furnished 
the information about birds, wild flowers, medicinal plants, 
and ornamental trees and shrubs; and Mr. J. S. Holmes, Chief 
Forester in the North Carolina Geological Survey, who fur¬ 
nished the information about forest growth. 

I am indebted to Dr. J. G. deR. Hamilton, Alumni Pro¬ 
fessor of History in the University, for valuable historical 
information and for many very practical and helpful sugges- 



6 


The Teaching of County Geography 


tions. These gentlemen have not only helped me and taken 
interest in what I have prepared but they are willing to help 
also the teachers of the state at any time they may be called 
upon. 

I wish to acknowledge the helpful criticisms and sugges¬ 
tions by Miss Hattie Parrot, Rural Supervisor of Schools in 
Lenoir county, Miss Mary G. Shotwell, Rural Supervisor of 
Schools in Granville, Superintendent I. C. Griffin of Marion, 
N. C., Dr. K. P. Battle, Dr. L. A. Williams of the School of 
Education, Professor N. W. Walker, State Inspector of High 
Schools, and Mr. Frank Nash, of Hillsboro. 

I shall be pleased to hear from anyone who may wish to 
write to me about the teaching of geography or local history 
in his county. 


M. C. S. Noble:.- 



Syllabus and General Outline for Teaching 
County Geography 

MATERIAL NEEDED 

1. A map of North Carolina. 

2. A map of your county. 

3. A black-board. 

4. A five-cent blank book for each child. 

5. Any article, book, or pamphlet published about your 
county by the State Historical Commission or any other his¬ 
torical body. 

6. Any publication descriptive of your county published 
by the North Carolina Corporation Commission, State Board 
of Health, State Geological Survey, State Department of 
Agriculture, State Department of Public Instruction, any 
Railroad Company in the State, and the United States Com¬ 
missioner of Education. 

7. University of North Carolina Record, Extension Se¬ 
ries No. 9, The University News Letter; all county newspapers, 
North Carolina Day Programs; and United States Census 
Abstracts. 

8. Any local story, tradition, fact, or natural resource 
that ought to be recorded. 

HOW TO OBTAIN MATERIAL 

The following are the addresses of several sources of in¬ 
formation which may be had for the asking: 

R. D. W. Connor, Secretary of the North Carolina His¬ 
torical Commission, Raleigh, N. C. 

E. L. Travis, Chairman of the North Carolina Corpora¬ 
tion Commission, Raleigh, N. C. 

Dr. W. S. Rankin, Secretary of the State Board of Health, 
Raleigh, N. C. 

William A. Graham, Commissioner of Agriculture, Raleigh, 
N. C. 


8 


The Teaching of County Geogeaphy 


Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geological Survey, Chapel 
Hill, N. C. 

Dr. J. Y. Joyner, State Superintendent of Public Instruc¬ 
tion, Raleigh, N. C. 

Dr. P. P. Claxton, United States Commissioner of Edu¬ 
cation, Washington, D. C. 

The School of Education, Chapel Hill, N. C. 

The University News Letter, Chapel Hill, N. C. 

Your congressman or either United States senator from 
North Carolina, for Census Abstracts. 2 

It would be well for you to write to all of the above and 
request that your name be placed on their regular mailing list. 


THE WORK TO BE ACCOMPLISHED 

Each pupil should have a five-cent blank book and, under 
the instruction and suggestions of the teacher, should build up 
his own county geography by writing at least one short sentence 
under each topic of the outline, though, if thought best, there 
may be more than one sentence as in the case of Orange as 
presented in this bulletin. The point is that if there is any 
simple statement of value that may be made about the county 
the pupil should know it, write it, and be able to say it. 


GENERAL OUTLINE 

I. Physical-Political 


Situated 

Bounded 

Size 

Surface 

Mountains 

Drainage 

Water Power 

Soil 


Climate 
Forest Growth 
Wild Flowers 
Medicinal Plants 
Minerals and Rocks 
Wild Animals 
Birds 


2 These are very rare but any information 
to Prof. E. C. Branson, Chapel Hill, N. C. 


they contain 


may be had 


by writing 




University of North Carolina 


9 


II. Historical-Political 


Formed,—when, why, and 
from what? 

Named after 
Settled by 
Population 

Principal Occupations 
Crops 

Manufacturing 


Total Wealth,—land, personal 
property, and corporations 
Road System 
Railroads 
Post Offices 
Telephone Lines 
Newspapers 
Townships 
Towns 


a. agriculture: 
Corn 
Cotton 
Wheat 
Tobacco 
Rice 
Fruit 


III. Industries 

B. TRUCKING 

Berries 

Lettuce 

Potatoes 

Cabbage 

Beans 

Melons 


D. MANUFACTURING 

Cotton 

Plaid 

Knitting 

Tobacco 

Furniture, Buggies, Wagons 
Leather 

Oil and Fertilizers 


c. fishing 
Shad 
Herring 
Oysters 
Clams 
Terrapins 
Mullet 

F. TRANSPORTATION 

Railroads 

Electric 

Ocean 

Sounds 

Rivers 

Canals 

Automobile Lines 


IV. Towns 

Name and location of each. 
Principal industry. 

Population by races. 

Schools, streets, and modern 


conveniences. 



10 


The Teaching of County Geography 


V. History 

A. COLONIAL B. REVOLUTIONARY C. PRIOR TO CIVIL WAR 


D. DURING CIVIL WAR 

Sentiment of the people on se¬ 
cession. Number of men 
sent to Confederate army. 
Important battles. Life in 
war times. 


F. 


f 


PUBLIC MONUMENTS < 


Where 
When 
To whom 
By whom 
For what 


E. GREAT MEN 
Civil Life 
Farmers 
Soldiers 
Sailors 

Teachers, etc. 


Erected ? 


/ Public Buildings erected 
G. IMPORTANT Events since ] Railroads built 

the civil war j Bond issues and for what 

( purpose. 


VI. Education 

Public Schools— Length of term? Local tax? School 
buildings ? 

Private Schools— For which race? Source of support? 
Curriculum ? 

Denominational Schools— For which race? Source of 
support ? Curriculum ? 






Orange County Courthouse, Hillsboro, N. C. 

Clock in Tower was presented to the town of Hillsboro by King George III, 
in 1769, and has been a reliable timepiece ever since 


Orange County 


Situated 


PHYSICAL-POLITICAL 

Orange county is situated in the eastern part 
of the beautiful Piedmont Section of North Caro¬ 
lina. East of Orange, the land gradually slopes away towards 
the east and southeast into the level Coastal Plain which 
borders the Atlantic ocean, while to the west of our county, 
the land rises higher and higher till it finally reaches the far 
away foothills of the Blue Ridge mountains. 

Our county is bounded on the north by Caswell and 
Person, on the east by Durham, on the south by 
Chatham, and on the west by Alamance. 


It contains about 390 square miles and is therefore 
Size smaller than the average size of the counties in North 
Carolina. The northern boundary is 12 miles north from Hills- 




12 


The Teaching of County Geography 


boro, the eastern boundary is about 7 miles east from Hills¬ 
boro, the southern boundary 16 miles south, and the western 
boundary 10 miles west. 

Surface & reater P or ^ on of the surface is rugged and 

hilly, and slopes gradually towards the east and 
southeast. 


Mountain* ^ere are severa l prominent hills in the county 
which are called “mountains.” They are Nunn’s, 
Crawford’s, Ball’s, Blackwood’s, and Occoneechee mountains. 
Occoneechee, the highest, is 830 feet above sea level. It is one 
of a succession of hills which extend from Montgomery county 
to Person county and which are visible one from another in 
fair weather. 

Drainage northeastern part of the county is drained by 

the Eno and Little rivers and their tributaries. 
These rivers unite in Durham county and form the Neuse 
which flows southeasterly into the Pamlico sound. 

The western part of the county is drained by Cane creek 
and several smaller streams which flow into Haw River. 

New Hope and Morgan creeks drain much of the eastern 
and southern portions of the county. These two streams unite 
in Durham county and finally empty into Haw river in Chat¬ 
ham county just before it unites with Deep river to form the 
Cape Fear. 


Water s ^ reams ^ a ^ drain Orange county do not furnish 

Power water P ower of ver y great value and yet they furnish 
the power for several saw mills and grist mills. 

Near Chapel Hill, Bolin’s creek, a tributary of New Hope, 
if properly developed, could furnish the town of Chapel Hill 
with electricity during the greater part of the year. 

Soil The soil varies from sand and gravel to stiff red clay. 

A tract of sandy loam, varying in width from two to 
five miles, extends across the northern part of the county. 

There is another small area of sandy land in the south¬ 
western part of the county. Along the southeastern border 



University of North Carolina 


13 



An Orange County Farm 


much of the soil is a yellow gravelly clay. In ^ther sections, a 
great deal of the land is red clay. 

The soil is naturally fertile and, by using intelligent meth¬ 
ods of farming, it may be made very productive. 

Cl'mat c ^ mate ls very fine for summer or winter resi¬ 

dence, and outdoor labor is seldom prevented by ex¬ 
cessive heat, cold, or violent storms. 

The annual mean temperature at Chapel Hill is about 
58.9 degrees which is about that of the entire state. The 
rainfall 3 is 46.11 inches which is but little less than the average 
rainfall for the whole state. 

Nearly three-fifths of the county is covered by forest 
Growth g rowt h. The or igi na l hard wood trees 4 grow on the 
rougher poorer lands. Our chief timber trees are 
white oak and post oak from which a large number of cross¬ 
ties are cut annually. Other hard woods, such as red oak, 


3 For the year 1890. 

4 Hard wood trees are those which shed their leaves in autumn. 












14 


The Teaching of County Geography 



Sand Clay Road, State Highway, Orange County 


black oak, Spanish oak, hickory, and sweet gum, occur in 
small quantities. 

The second growth pines, which have come up on aban¬ 
doned old fields, furnish most of the saw timber. Not much 
more than one fourth of these second growth pines furnishes 
salable timber. 

Short leaf is the most abundant pine in the northern sec¬ 
tion, while the loblolly pine is spreading rapidly through the 
southern and southeastern sections. 

Red cedar is common throughout the county, especially in 
the red clay soils. 

If forest fires are prevented, second growth pines come up 
among the young hard wood trees that remain after the larger 
hard wood trees have been cut. Second growth pines are 
large enough for fire-wood in twenty years, and in thirty years 
they are fit for saw timber. Land owners oppose burning the 






University of Uortii Carolina 


15 


forests and yet, through carelessness, fires break out every year 
and destroy many young trees worth thousands of dollars. 

In setting out trees in school yards, native shrubs and trees 
should be largely used. In order to beautify school yards, we 
could use with fine effect our native dogwood, black haw, ar- 
rowwood, Indian currant, swamp dog-wood, New Jersey tea 
or red root, red haw, sumach, large-leaf storax, witch hazel, 
June berry, American evergreen holly, and many other native 
plants. 

Since Orange county is near the meeting place 
Flowers Coastal an d the Piedmont Section, its 

native plants are many and varied. Some remark¬ 
able mountain plants are found growing wild in the county. 
Among them are the magnificent rhododendron (often incor¬ 
rectly called laurel), ginseng, winter-green, wild hydrangia, 
and the northern polypodium fern. 

The more conspicuous wild flowers are hepatica, spring 
beauty, laurel or kalmia (often called ivy), trailing arbutus, 
dog-tooth violets, evening primrose, atamasca lily, wild azalea, 
blood root, and several kinds of wild phlox. 


Medicinal 

Plants 


There is a large number of medicinal plants grow¬ 
ing wild in the county and some of them might be 
collected and sold at a profit. Among them are 
yellow dock, hepatica, Canada moon-seed, spice bush, sassa¬ 
fras, blood root, witch hazel, sumach, butterfly weed, spear¬ 
mint, black haw, horse-nettle, jimson weed, mullen, elder, and 
dandelion. 


Iron, mica, gold, copper, sandstone, whetstone, and 

1VTinpr^ U 

and Rocks g ran fi e are found but not in paying quantities. 

A brown sandstone is found near Chapel Hill from 
which the foundation, doorsteps, and window sills of several 
of the older University buildings were taken. 


Wild The more usual wild animals are squirrels, opos- 
Animals sums, coons, and rabbits. 




16 


The Teaching of County Geography 


There are few sections in the world that show a greater 
abundance of birds than ours and they seem to be tamer 
and more friendly than usual. For example, the wood thrush, 
which is usually a shy and retiring bird, can be heard singing 
in our towns and villages every spring. 

The hermit thrush is with us most of the winter but early 
in the spring it goes north to nest. 

Other birds that are abundant with us are robins, mock¬ 
ingbirds, cat birds, jay birds, yellow-breasted chats, indigo 
buntings, flickers (yellow hammers), red-headed wood-peckers, 
fly-catchers, great crested fly-catchers, red-winged blackbirds, 
blue birds, vireos, nuthatches, song sparrows, and many other 
kinds of sparrows. 

Among the most attractive birds of passage that stay with 
us a little while in the spring are goldfinches, purple finches, 
song sparrows, cedar birds, and bobolinks or rice birds. 

Fish In the waters °f Orange are to be found in considerable 
abundance the following food and game fish: black bass, 
commonly known as chub, rock bass, or “red eye,” pike, jack, 
bream, carp, catfish, and many varieties of perch. Many of 
the streams have been stocked by the United States Bureau of 
Fisheries with bass and bream. There are a few privately 
owned and stocked fish ponds though little attention has so 
far been paid to this highly productive industry. 

HISTORICAL-POLITICAL 

Formed ° Ur COUnty w *s formed from parts of Granville, 
Johnston, and Bladen counties in 1752. 

When it was first formed, it contained all of the present 
counties of Caswell, Person, Alamance, and Chatham, and 
parts of Rockingham, Guilford, Randolph, Tee, Wake, and 
Durham. 

Named ^ * S name< ^ a B er William, Prince of Orange, a famous 
Dutch soldier and statesman, who married Mary, the 
daughter of James II of England. He became King of Eng¬ 
land in 1694 and is known in history as William III. 




Graded only _Sand Clay -- Dirt Road 






























18 


The Teaching of County Geography 


Orange county was settled chiefly by Scotch-Irish 
Settled anc j Germans. That portion in which the Germans 
settled is now Alamance county, and the eastern portions of 
Rockingham, Guilford, and Randolph counties. 

The population at the last census (1910) was 15,- 
Population divided between the races as follows: 


Males . 5,144 2,413 

Females . 4,994 2,513 

Total. 10,138 4,926 


The above table shows that there are slightly more than 
twice as many whites as blacks in Orange. It also shows that 
there are more white men than white women in our county 
and fewer colored men than colored women. 

There are 38.6 persons for each square mile, 5 and our popu¬ 
lation, both white and colored, with few exceptions, is native 
born, in fact, in 1910 there were only seven white foreign born 
persons living in our county. 

Occupation principal occupation is farming though many 

of our people are engaged in manufacturing. In 
1900 there were 2044 farms in the county and in 1910 there 
were 1967 farms. This decrease in the number of farms shows 
that the land is going into the possession of fewer persons. 

In 1910 there were nine persons in the county each of 
whom owned from 500 to 999 acres and there were three per¬ 
sons who owned more than 1000 acres each. 

Crops P rinci P al cro P s are corn, cotton, wheat, and tobac¬ 
co. Hay, oats, rye, and peas are profitably culti¬ 
vated. Peaches, apples, pears, and berries would thrive on 
the land of Orange county farmers if carefully cultivated. 

Manufacturing There are extensive cotton mills and knitting 
mills at Carrboro and Hillsboro, and there are 
flour mills at Carrboro, Hillsboro, and Efland. 

There is a factory at Efland that makes large quantities 


6 In North Carolina there are 45.3 persons for each square mile. 










of excelsior which is used for packing furniture and other 
articles. 

These mills and factories give employment to many men, 
women,,and children. 

In 1913, the total value of the property assessed 
for taxation was $6,017,399, as shown in the fol- 


Wealth of 
the County 


lowing table: 

Bank stock, Railroads, Telegraph and Tele¬ 
phone lines, etc. 2,031,209 

Real Estate. 2,230,212 

Personal Property. 1,755,978 


Total 


$6,017,399 










20 


The Teaching of County Geography 


Road System 


The property owned by the white people is valued at $3,- 
695,385 and that of the colored people is valued at $290,805. 

The average wealth of each person in the county in 1910 
was $218 and the average wealth of each person in North 
Carolina was $322. 

In 1912, the people voted for a $250,000 bond 
issue to be used in the building of a system of 
roads. With the proceeds of the sale of these bonds a system 
of well-graded sand-clay roads has been built thus connecting 
the principal parts of the county with each other. 

The roads, when built, were most excellent and with proper 
care and attention they will ever be of greatest value and ser¬ 
vice to all the people. 

Railroads The Southern Railway runs through the county 
from east to west for a distance of 17.27 miles. It passes 
through University Station, Hillsboro, and Efland. 

A branch line (10.14 miles long) runs from University 
Station to Carrboro and gives to Chapel Hill railroad commu¬ 
nication with the main line. 

Post Offices There are P ost offices at Efland, Hillsboro, Cedar 
Grove, Teer, Blackwood, University Station, 
Carrboro, and Chapel Hill. Rural free delivery routes carry 
the daily mail to the homes of citizens in nearly every section 
of the county. 


Telephones ^ an -7 m ^ es telephone wires give easy and ready 
means of communication to hundreds of homes in 
town and country. These lines not only help business'but help 
to make country life more delightful. 

Newspapers There are three weekly newspapers published in 
the county,—the Orange County Observer, Hills¬ 
boro Enterprise, and Chapel Hill News. These papers have 
many subscribers and contribute much to the development of 
the county. 

Townships ^ le coun ty 1S divided into seven townships. They 
are Cheek s, Cedar Grove, Eno, Eittle River, 



University of North Carolina 


21 


Hillsboro, Bingham, and Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill is the larg¬ 
est and Little River is the smallest. 

Towns HMsboro, Chapel Hill, and Carrboro are the only 
incorporated towns in the county. 

Hillsboro, on the north bank of the Eno, was laid off as a 
town in 1754 by William Churton, one of Earl Granville’s 6 
surveyors. It was first called Orange, but a little later it was 
called Corbinton, after Francis Corbin, one of Granville’s 
agents in North Carolina. 

In November 1759, it was incorporated as a town and 
called Childsburg after Thomas 
Child who was at that time 
attorney-general of the state. 

In November 1766, it was nam¬ 
ed Hillsboro after the Earl of 
Hillsboro, an English nobleman. 

In 1770, it was made a borough 
town and as such it was enti¬ 
tled to a representative in the 
legislature until 1835. 

Hillsboro is beautifully situ¬ 
ated and, before the days of 
railroads, was a very popular 
summer resort for many visit¬ 
ors from the low country in the 
eastern part of the state. 

It is the county seat, has a public library, a public graded 
school which may be attended free of charge by high school 
students from any part of the county, some well-paved streets, 
two banks, and two weekly newspapers. 

The population in 1910 was 857. 

Chapel Hill, the largest town in the county, is the seat of 
the University of North Carolina, the oldest university in the 



0 Earl Granville was one of the Lords Proprietors and when the Proprietors 
gave back their shares of the province of Carolina to the crown, he retained his 
share which was all of North Carolina between 35° 34' north latitude and 
Virginia. 





22 


The Teaching of County Geography 


South. The University was chartered in 1789 and its doors 
were opened to students in 1795. 7 

More than one thousand students attend the University 
annually and during the summer there is an attendance of more 
than seven hundred teachers at the University Summer School 
for Teachers. 

Like Hillsboro, Chapel Hill is noted for its delightful 
climate, its healthy location, and the beauty of the surround¬ 
ing country. It has excellent streets, electric lights, two banks, 
a weekly newspaper, public water works, a town sewer sys¬ 
tem, and a public graded school which may be attended free 
of charge by high school students from any part of the county. 
Automobile lines maintain convenient schedules to Durham 
and give close connection with all trains. 

The first sale of lots was conducted by the trustees of the 
University October 12th, 1793, and the town was incorporated 
in 1847. The population in 1910 was 1149. 

Carrboro, a prosperous manufacturing village about one 
mile from the University campus, is situated at the terminus 
of the branch line of railroad which connects Chapel Hill with 
the Southern Railway at University Station. This branch 
line was built in 1882. 

In 1900, the late Thomas F. Lloyd built a cotton mill near 
the depot in what is now Carrboro. Soon a thriving village 
sprang up around the mill and the place began to be known as 
“the depot,” “West End,” and “West Chapel Hill.” 

In 1911 it was incorporated as the town of Venable, but in 
1913 the name was changed to Carrboro and it thus perpetu¬ 
ates the name of Julian S. Carr, a native of Chapel Hill, and 
a prosperous manufacturer and generous public citizen of 
Durham who had bought the cotton mill from Mr. Lloyd 
for the Durham Hosiery Mill a short time before his death 
in 1911. 

The population of Carrboro 8 is 800 white and 200 colored 
total 1000. 


7 Tlie University of Georgia was chartered five years earlier than our Uni¬ 
versity but opened its doors to students five years later than ours did 

8 Figures for 1915 kindly furnished by the Mayor. 





University of North Carolina 


23 


010QL *'WJLD1N6 FOL * CHAPE LACl 




High School Building, Chapel Hill, N. C. 


Efland, a station on the Southern Railway four miles west 
of Hillsboro, has not yet been incorporated. It is a thriving 
village settlement and contains a flour mill and an excelsior 
mill, both of which do a fine business. 

The public schools in Orange county for the year 
Public 1913-14 had an average term of 122 days. There 
are six local tax districts and these have an average 
term of 154 days. The local tax districts are Hillsboro, Uni¬ 
versity (Eno), Chapel Hill, Efland, Carrboro, and Mt. Hope. 

The number of children of school age in the county 9 was: 
w^hite 3316; colored 1887; total 5203. 

The number enrolled for the year was: white 2613; colored 
1580; total 4193. 

The average daily attendance was: white 1724; colored 
933; total 2657. 

The average daily attendance for the white children was 
65 out of 100 enrolled, and for the blacks it was 59 out of 
100 enrolled. 


9 The statistics here given are for the year 1913-14. 









































26 


The Teaching of County Geography 


There are 25 white schools in the county having only one 
teacher and 21 white schools having two or more teachers, 
and there are 13 white schools in which some high school 
studies are taught. 

There are two state high schools in Orange, one 


High 

Schools 


at Hillsboro and the other at Chapel Hill. In both 
of these schools the full four years high school course 
of instruction is given. 

Students from any part of the county may attend either 
of these high schools free of tuition. Those students who 
complete the course are admitted to the freshman class of our 
University or any college in the state without examination. 
By means of our two state high schools the boys and girls 
of our county may prepare for college with no cost for tuition. 

The public schools of our county are rapidly improving and, 
under the wise and progressive administration of the County 
Board of Education, a Rural Supervisor of Schools has 
recently been employed to work with the County Superinten¬ 
dent of Schools and give her whole time to the development 
and improvement of the schools of the county. 

The Bingham School, 10 one of the most famous 

PriyutG • 

Schools S° ut h ern boarding schools for boys, was situated in 
Orange for nearly a century. 

In 1891, it was removed from near Mebane to near Ashe¬ 
ville where it continues to flourish with an attendance of more 
than one hundred students many of whom come from distant 
states. 

During the five }^ears following the Bingham School’s re¬ 
moval from Mebane to Asheville, a Boys’ High School, under 
church control, was conducted in the recently vacated build¬ 
ings. In 1896, the school under church control ceased to exist 
and the son-in-law of a former Principal of the Bingham 
School, established a preparatory school in the same buildings. 
This school is also called the Bingham School and in 1913-14 
it had an enrollment of fifty-three students. 


10 Its several locations in Orange were Hillsboro, Mt. Repose in Cedar Grove 
township, Oaks in Bingham township, and in the extreme western part of the 
county within half a mile of Mebane. 




Local History 


SOME PROMINENT MEN OF THE PAST IN ORANGE 


Thomas Burke 


A native of Ireland. Came to Hillsboro 1774. 
Lawyer. Member of the last four Provincial 
Congresses. Delegate to the Continental Congress at Phila¬ 
delphia. Governor. Lies buried in an unmarked grave near 
Hillsboro. 


Joseph Caldwell 


A native of New Jersey and a graduate of 
Princeton. President of University of. North 
Carolina for twenty-seven years. Advocate of public schools 
and internal improvements. Died at Chapel Hill 1835. Monu¬ 
ment to his memory on the University campus. 


Thomas Hart 
Benton 


Born near Hillsboro, March 14, 1782. Student 
University of North Carolina and William and 
Mary College. Lawyer at Nashville, Tenn. 
Member Tennessee legislature. Moved to Missouri where he 
was six times elected to the United States Senate and one time 
to the United States House of Representatives. 


„ A native of Connecticut. Professor of math- 
Elisha Mitchell , T . r 

ematics at University for seven years and pro¬ 
fessor of chemistry, geology, and mineralogy for twenty-two 
years. First to find that the Black Mountains in North Caro¬ 
lina were higher than the White Mountains in New Hampshire 
and therefore the highest mountains in the United States east 
of the Mississippi. 

The stone walls around the University campus were built 
by Dr. Mitchell. He lost his life on Mount Mitchell in 1848 
and lies buried on the summit of this, the highest peak of the 
Black Mountains, which is named in his honor. 

Native of New York and a graduate of Yale. 
Edmund Fanning Came tQ Hjllsboro 1762 . Register of 



28 


The Teaching of County Geography 


Orange county. Became unpopular because of his charging 
illegal fees for registering deeds and other documents. At¬ 
tacked by a mob, beaten, and chased out of town by the Regu¬ 
lators who burned down his house in Hillsboro. Became Sur¬ 
veyor General of New York to which province he removed in 
1771. During the Revolution he became colonel of “King’s 
American Regiment.” After the Revolution Yale conferred on 
him the degree of LL. D. 



Born in that part of Orange which is now 
Archibald Debow Caswell A gra duate of University 1799, 

Professor of 
Ancient Languages 1800. 

Judge Superior Court, Justice 
Supreme Court, Supreme Court 
Reporter, University Trustee 
for thirty years, promoter of 
internal improvements and pub¬ 
lic education, author of a re¬ 
port to the legislature of 1819 
on a state system of public edu¬ 
cation including elementary 
schools, academies, the Univer¬ 
sity, and the instruction of the 
deaf mutes. He has been call¬ 
ed the “Father of the public 
schools of North Carolina.” A. D. Murphey 


David Lowry A native ° f Buncombe county. Student at Uni- 
Swain versity of North Carolina, Lawyer. Member 

of legislature, State Solicitor, Judge Superior 
Court, Governor, Member Convention of 1835, President of 
University from 1835 to 1868, and Trustee of University for 
thirty-seven years. Author of many papers on North Caro¬ 
lina history. Died at Chapel Hill, Aug. 27, 1867. 

Herman Husbands £ Pennsylvanian who settled on Sandy 
Creek near present town of Ramseur in 
that part of Randolph county which was then a part of Orange. 





University of North Carolina 29 


A leader of the Regulators and though he took no part in the 
battle of Alamance he fled immediately after the battle to 
Pennsylvania because of the reward which was offered for his 
arrest owing to his activity as a Regulator. Member of the 
Assembly from Orange. 


William Horn A native of Edgecombe. Graduated at the Uni- 
Battle versity in 1820. Lawyer. Member of House 

of Commons from Franklin, Supreme Court Reporter, Su¬ 
perior Court Judge, Supreme Court Justice, twice Commis¬ 
sioner to revise North Carolina statutes, Professor of Law 
at the University for twenty-five years. Died at Chapel Hill 
1879. 



w .„. , Born in Lincoln county September 5, 1804. 

Graham Graduate of 

the Univer¬ 
sity. Began practice of law 
at Hillsboro 1827. Member 
legislature and Speaker of the 
House, United States Senator, 
twice Governor of the state, 

Secretary of the Navy during 
Fillmore’s administration, can¬ 
didate for Vice-President on 
ticket with General Scott, mem¬ 
ber of Convention (Secretary) 
of 1861, Confederate States 
Senator, member of the Board 
Trustees of Peabody Fund. 

Died 1875, buried at Hillsboro. Wiiaiam A. Graham 


John Manning 


A native of Chowan. Graduated at the Uni¬ 
versity in 1850. Lawyer. Member of legis¬ 
lature from Chatham, member of Convention of 1861, member 
of Congress, Commissioner to revise North Carolina statutes, 
Professor of Law at the University for eighteen years. 
Died 1899. 




30 


The Teaching of County Geography 


Born in what is 
Willie Person 1/92 Graduat . 
Mangum . . 

ed at University 

1815. Lawyer, member legis¬ 
lature, three times Superior 
Court Judge, twice a member of 
Congress, Presidential elector 
on the Jackson ticket, four 
times elected United States 
Senator, President pro tem. of 
the United States Senate and 
acting Vice-President. Died 
September 14, 1861. Graham 
and Mangum were both in the 
United States Senate from 
1840 to 1843, an honor held by 
no other county in the state. 


now Durham county, May 10, 



Wiiaie P. Mangum 



Thomas Ruffin 


A native of Virginia and a graduate of Prince¬ 
ton who settled in Hillsboro when a young 
man. Lawyer, member of the 
legislature and Speaker of the 
House of Commons, Superior 
Court Judge, President of State 
Bank, Supreme Court Judge, 
Chief Justice Supreme Court. 
Lived for many years in that 
part of Orange which became 
Alamance. 


Thomas Ruffin 


rru T INanve 01 

Ihomas Ruffin, Jr. 

Orange and 
son of Chief Justice Ruffin, 
graduate of University, Colonel 
Confederate States Army, Su¬ 
perior Court Judge, Supreme 
Court Justice. 






31 


University of North Carolina 


A family of famous teachers in Orange county 
Family * or near v a century. Rev. William Bingham, 

a native of County Down, Ireland, a Scotch- 
Irish Presbyterian and a graduate of the University of Glas¬ 
gow, fled to America because he had been involved in an un¬ 
successful revolt for Irish independence. He founded the 
Bingham School in 1793 and was its Principal for thirty-two 
years. 

William J. Bingham, a graduate of the University of North 
Carolina, was the son of the founder of the Bingham School 
and was called the “Napoleon of Schoolmasters.” He was 
the second Principal of the school and associated with him in 
1857 his two sons, William and Robert. On the death of their 
father they became the joint Principals. William was the 
author of many popular classical textbooks. He died in 1872. 

Robert with the exception of four years of the Civil War, 
has been either joint Principal, or Principal for more than 
forty years. 

James Phillips of England was a Presbyterian 
Family” 11 ^ P reac ^ er w ^° tau ght in Harlem, N. Y. He came 
to the University in 1826 to accept the professor¬ 
ship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy He held this 
professorship until his death in April, 1867. His death oc¬ 
curred in the chapel while at morning prayers. 

He left two sons, Charles and Samuel Field, and a daughter 
Cornelia. Charles was a tutor in the University for ten years, 
and a Professor of Engineering for six years, and Professor of 
Mathematics until 1879 with the exception of six years during 
the suspension of the University when he was Professor of 
Mathematics in Davidson College. Died in 1889. 

Samuel Field Phillips was an eminent lawyer, Speaker of 
the House of Commons, appointed Solicitor General of the 
United States by President Grant and served through three 
administrations. 

Cornelia, the third child of James Phillips, married J. M. 
Spencer, a lawyer of Alabama. She was a woman of great 





32 


The Teaching of County G-eography 


ability and lived at Chapel Hill for years after the death of her 
husband in 1861. While the University was closed from 1870 
to 1875, she cared for the portraits in the society halls, and 
wrote many able articles pleading for the re-opening of the 
University. One of the buildings at the State Normal and 
Industrial College is named in her honor and the honorary 
degree of LL. D. was conferred on her by the University of 
North Carolina in 1895, the only instance in the history of the 
University in which a woman has been thus highly honored. 


IMPORTANT EVENTS 


The War of the 
Regulation 


During the six or eight years prior to 1770 the 
greater portion of the people of Orange 
county believed that illegal taxes and fees 
were being collected by the sheriff, the clerk of the court, and 
other officers of the law; and the officer who was hated most 
by the people was Edmund Fanning, the Register of Deeds 
for Orange. 

Public meetings were held at different places in the county 
and plans were laid for obtaining relief. Those who took part 
in these meetings soon became known as “Regulators.” 

On one occasion the sheriff seized the horse of a Regulator 
for taxes and carried it to Hillsboro, but seventy Regulators 
followed the officer to town, took the horse, rode triumphantly 
and riotously through the streets, fired several shots into the 
home of the despised Fanning, and then rode away taking the 
rescued horse back to its owner. 

On Monday of court week in September 1770, many Regu¬ 
lators crowded into the courthouse while Judge Henderson was 
holding court, dragged Fanning out by the heels, meanwhile 
beating him with clubs and sticks, and then whipped the clerk 
of the court and several prominent lawyers. 


That night Judge Henderson fearing violence left town 
secretly and the next day the Regulators chased Fanning out 
of Hillsboro, tore down his house, and destroyed his furniture. 

These disturbances were so serious that Governor Tryon 
under authority of act of assembly raised an army and march- 



University of North Carolina 


33 


ed to Hillsboro. In a short while he marched west and met a 
large force of Regulators near Alamance Creek in that part of 
Orange which is now Alamance. 

The next day, May 16, 1771, 

Tryon’s army and the Regula¬ 
tors fought “The Battle of Ala¬ 
mance” with the result that the 
forces of the Regulators were 
completely defeated. Tryon 
lost 9 killed and 61 wounded 
while the Regulators lost 20 
killed and 200 wounded. 

Six of the Regulators were 
tried for treason, found guilty, 
and hung at Hillsboro, June 19, 

1771, and thus ended “The 
War of the Regulation.” 

Many of the Regulators 
were forced to take the oath of 
allegiance to the King and this 
accounts for the fact that some of them did not join in the 
fight for independence five years later. Another reason was 
that many of the prominent leaders of the Revolution in eastern 
North Carolina had fought in Tryon’s army against the Regu¬ 
lators at the Battle of Alamance and they had no heart to join 
their old foes from the east in any movement. 

The Regulators had acted unlawfully, it is true, in their 
methods of resistance to oppression, but many people lose 
their judgment while resisting oppression, whether real or 
fancied, and the Regulators of Orange, in their blind rage 
during the days of high taxes, exorbitant fees, scarce money, 
and when relief had been denied them, must not be judged too 
harshly for their rash methods of redress. They had within 
them the true spirit of liberty and justice,—that same spirit 
which nerved the men of the Revolution to final victory at 
Yorktown in the years that followed. 



Memorial, James Pugh under 
Gallows, Guilford Battle 
Grounds, Greensboro, 

N. C. 










34 


The Teaching of County Geography 



South Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. 


In 1775, Governor Josiah Martin, the last 

The Third Pro- Q £ the royal governors in North Carolina, 
vincial Congress J & 

fled from Newbern to Fort Johnston and 

later took refuge on a sloop of war at the mouth of the Cape 
Fear river. 

In August, the members of the Third Provincial Congress 
met at Hillsboro and took charge of the government of the 
state. 

This congress provided for enlisting the militia and enroll¬ 
ing two regiments of continental troops, for the purchase of 
ammunition, for the manufacture of ammunition, paper, cotton 
cards, cloth, needles and pins, and offered premiums to those 
who would erect and operate iron furnaces and rolling mills, 
and also provided for the general government of the province. 

^ . The Constitutional Convention of 1788 

The Constitutional , tj... , T i 

Convention of 1788 met at HlUsboro °n July 21, to consider 
the ratification of the proposed Constitu¬ 
tion of the United States and held its meetings in the Presby- 









University of North Carolina 


35 


terian church. It neither accepted nor rejected the Constitu¬ 
tion but decided to postpone action and thus it was that North 
Carolina was not in the Union when George Washington was 
first elected President. The Constitution was finally ratified 
by the convention which met at Fayetteville in 1789. 


The University 


The University was chartered in 1789. A com¬ 


mittee of the Board of Trustees located the 
institution at New Hope Chapel Hill, so called because New 
Hope Chapel, an old chapel of the Church of England, used 
to stand about fifty yards south of the northwest corner of the 
Peabody building of the present day. 

The corner stone of the first building, the Old East Build¬ 
ing, was laid October 12, 1793, and on the same day there 
was a sale of lots in the new village of Chapel Hill. 

The first student, Hinton James, of New Hanover, arrived 
at the University on February 12, 1795. 

The University was closed in 1870 and remained closed 
until 1875 when it was re-opened through the generous finan¬ 
cial aid of the alumni and the friends of popular education in 
the state. 



Confederate Monument on 
University Campus 





Home Geography and History 


SUGGESTIVE QUESTIONS 

Suggestive questions for the teaching of County Geogra¬ 
phy and History, taking Orange County as the model: 

1. When was your county formed? Why was it formed? 

2. From what counties was it formed? 

3. After whom was it named? 

4. Bound your county. 

5. How many square miles does it contain? 

6. What counties have been formed from it? 

7. What counties have been partly formed from it? 

8. Who settled Orange county. 

9. Name the townships in your county. 

Name and bound the township you live in. 

After whom was your township named? 

Name the county seat and tell after whom it was 


10 . 

11 . 

12 . 

named. 

13. 

14. 


What other names has it had ? 

Tell something about the person or persons it was 
named after. 

15. Name all the towns in the county. 

16. What is the population of each by races? 

17. What is the leading business of each town? 

18. Which town is the oldest? When was it settled? 
When chartered? 

19. Which is the youngest town in the county? When was 
it chartered? 

20. What is the valuation of each town in the county? 

21. What is the difference between the total valuation of 
the towns in the county and the total valuation of the whole 
county ? 

22. What is the total town, county, and state rate of tax- 




University of North Carolina 


37 


ation on town property in each town? On property outside 
of town? 

23. What town do you live in? 

24. If you do not live in town, what is the name of the 
nearest town ? 

25. In which direction from your home is Chapel Hill? 
Hillsboro ? Durham ? Raleigh ? 

26. Are there any factories in your town or nearest town? 

27. What kind of factories are they? At what time in the 
morning do they begin work ? At what time do they stop work 
at night? 

28. Are the laborers in the factory chiefly white, black, 
men, women, or children? 

29. Name the nearest blacksmith shop. What kind of 
work is done in this shop? 

30. How far and in what direction from your home is 
the nearest gristmill? 

31. What is made in this mill? Is this mill on a creek? 
If so, into what stream does it flow? 

32. Tell the name of the nearest creek or river. Is there 
a mill of any kind on this stream? 

33. What is a river basin? Do you live in a river basin? 
If so, which one? 

34. Is there a difference between a river basin and the 
“low grounds” near a creek or river? If so, tell the difference. 

35. Which is more fertile, the “low grounds” or the up¬ 
lands ? Why ? 

36. Tell the principal crops that grow in your neighbor¬ 
hood. 

37. Which crop sells for the most money? Which pays 
the best? 

38. Do you plant anything to sell and thus make money 
for yourself? 

39. What can a boy or girl living on a farm do to make 
a little extra money? 

40. What is the largest yield of cotton per acre in your 




38 


The Teaching of County Geography 


neighborhood? Why cannot everybody make the same on an 
acre? 

41. What is the largest yield of wheat per acre? Of 
corn? 

42. Give a list of vegetables that grow in your garden. 

43. Do your people can any vegetables for home use? 
If not, do they buy canned vegetables? Is it cheaper to buy 
canned vegetables or to can them for home use? 

44. If your people can vegetables for home use, what 
kind do they can? What vegetables, if any, do they can to 
sell? 

45. Name the different kinds of fruit that grow in your 
neighborhood. Which seem to thrive the best? 

46. Do your people put up canned fruit for home use? 
For sale? 

47. Do they dry fruit for either home use or for sale? 
Does it pay? 

48. Name the different kinds of domestic animals on your 
farm. 

49. Do your people raise domestic animals for market? 
If so, name them. 

50. Which pays best for market, butter, milk, chickens, 
eggs, mutton, beef, or honey? 

51. Name the domestic animals on your farm that were 
not raised there and tell what they cost ? 

52. Give the names of ten or more wild flowers that grow 
near your home. 

53. Give the names of ten or more wild birds that live in 
the woods near where you live. 

54. Name the wild animals that live near your home. 

55. Name the four nearest white public schools. 

56. What school district do you live in? About how many 
square miles does it contain? 

57. How many children of school age in your district? 

58. What is the name of the school you attend ? 

59. How many children are enrolled in your school? 

60. What is the average daily attendance? What is the 
cause of poor attendance at school? 



University of North Carolina 


39 



Old Alamance Mill, and Its Founder, Edwin M. Holt. The First 
Colored Cotton Fabric Manufactured in the South was 
Woven in this Mill, Built 1837 on Alamance River 
in Part of Orange, Now Alamance County. 

Burned and Rebuilt 1871 


61. At what time of day does your school “take in?” in 
the morning? At what time does it “let out”? 

62. How far is the school from your home? How long 
does it take you to get to school in the morning? 

63. What games do the children play at school? 

64. Do the people in the neighborhood ever meet at the 
the schoolhouse for social or intellectual enjoyment? 

65. Does your school have a debating society, a glee club, 
an orchestra, boys’ corn clubs, pig clubs, or tomato clubs ? 

66. If your teacher should ask you to make something at 
•home to exhibit at school the last day of the term, what would 
you try to make ? 

67. If you are a boy, make a list of things that a boy can 
make at home. If you are a girl, make a list of the things 
a girl can make at home. 






40 


The Teaching of County Geography 


68. How many high schools in the county? Do you in¬ 
tend to go to the high school ? Do you intend to go to college ? 

69. What do you wish to learn to do to make a living 
when you are grown? 

70. Do you think that there is a demand in your neighbor¬ 
hood for the kind of work you wish to learn to do when you 
are grown? 

71. Which one of your school studies do you think will 
help you the most in the calling you wish to follow? 

72. Name the following officials in Orange: Register of 
Deeds, Clerk of the Court, Sheriff, Coroner, Treasurer, County 
Superintendent of Health, the members of the Board of Edu¬ 
cation, the County Commissioners, the County Superintendent 
of Public Schools, and the members of the Legislature. 

MAP-DRAWING 

See Figure 1 

Draw a square on a sheet of paper and place a dot in the 
center of the square. 

Place a dot at the middle point of each side of the square 
and write North, South, East, and West on the sides as in the 
Figure. 

Let the distance from the center to each dot at the sides 
stand for one mile. Each side will stand for two miles and 
the square may stand for a piece of land two miles square. 

Let the dot in the center stand for a schoolhouse. Fill in 
your square like Figure 1 which is the map of the country 
one mile north, south, east, and west from the schoolhouse. 

The road passes the schoolhouse towards the west for half 
a mile, curves to the southwest around a hill and then runs on 
towards the northwest. 

East of the schoolhouse the road runs east for about one 
fourth of a mile, and then turns to the northeast. 

Coming in from the northwest is a creek which winds 
along to the southeast within one fourth of a mile of the 
schoolhouse on the north and about two thirds of a mile on 
the east. 



41 


The Teaching of County Geography 




—JTo r'tfcl 




In addition to the schoolhouse, the hill, the road, and the 
creek, the map shows the residences of three citizens, Smith 
(S), Jones (J), and Brown (B) who live along the road. 
Smith lives about one mile northeast from the schoolhouse, 
Jones about three fourths of a mile southwest, and Brown 
about half a mile due east. 

Follow this model and draw a map of the country one mile 
in each direction from your schoolhouse and show in the 
map the main streams, the roads, the railroads, churches, resi¬ 
dences, and other facts of local importance. 

In the same way a map may be made showing the location 
of some of the farms, the woodland, swamps, hills, railroads 
and the more important facts of the neighborhood. 































































































































































































































































































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